Network pharmacology to uncover potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory constituents in Curcuma longa rhizome as complementary treatment in COVID-19

The immune status of patients plays an essential role in COVID-19. Herbal medicine with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effect could have potential as a complementary therapeutic along with modern medicine. This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory constituents of Curcuma longa (C. longa) and its possible mechanisms in COVID-19. We systematically sorted the biochemical of C. longa rhizome from literature and repository. Next, we investigated targets related to COVID-19 in the selected active phytochemical constituents and analyzed the possible mechanisms against COVID-19 and performed molecular docking with four essential target proteins in COVID-19 for further verification. Ten active phytochemical constituents of C. longa were predicted to interact with four protein targets. The epidermal growth factor was the most interacted protein targeted by Calebin A, curcumin, cyclocurcumin, demethoxycurcumin, turmeronol a, turmeronol b, caffeic acid, and quercetin. Interferon-gamma was performed as the most critical protein targeted by 4-hydroxycinnamic acid. Curcumin was also predicted to interact with toll-like receptor 4 and Ar-turmerone with angiotensin II receptor type 2. We also reported four signaling pathways associated with target proteins-active phytochemical constituents against COVID-19: cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, tolllike receptor signaling pathway, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. In conclusion, multi compounds in C. longa might act synergistically against COVID-19 by affecting the inflammatory and immune responses, and other pathological processes through multiple targets and pathways. Copyright © Indradi RB et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Active and non-active stations as an adaptive method for Objective Structured and Clinical Examination during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection is of global concern. In mid-March 2020 all learning activities in Indonesia were carried out online. The biggest challenge in measuring the competency of graduates during this pandemic time was to test skills online. The aim of this study was to develop adaptation of the online Objective Structured and Clinical Examinations (OSCE) model at the Apothecary programme, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia. Methods : The OSCE online method is designed using two systems, namely active stations and non-active stations with competencies tested based on the OSCE blueprint, and with the application of virtual facilities such as Google meet, Google forms, etc. Results : The results showed that this method can be used for lab skills exams so that candidates and examiners can still take the exam comfortably without being disturbed. The methods can evaluate competence using the Global Rating and Actual Mark Score, and the examiner does not find it difficult to assess the competency being tested.